Cancer therapy using natural ligands that target estrogen receptor beta

Estrogen receptor beta (ER) is one of the two key receptors (ER, ER) that facilitate biological actions of 17-estradiol (E2). ER is widely expressed in many tissues, and its expression is reduced or lost during progression of many tumors. ER facilitates estrogen signaling by both genomic (classical and non-classical) and extra-nuclear signaling. Emerging evidence suggests that ER functions as a tissue-specific tumor suppressor with anti-proliferative actions. Recent studies have identified a number of naturally available selective ER agonists. Targeting ER using its naturally available ligands is an attractive approach for treating and preventing cancers. This review presents the beneficial actions of ER signaling and clinical utility of several natural ER ligands as potential cancer therapy.