Advancements and Applications in Radiopharmaceutical Therapy

Radiopharmaceuticals function by combining radionuclides with carriers. The radiation energy emitted by radionuclides is utilized to selectively irradiate diseased tissues while minimizing damage to normal tissues. Compared to external beam radiation therapy, radionuclide drugs have research potential due to their biological targeting and less normal tissue toxicity. This article reviews the applications and research progress of radiopharmaceuticals in cancer treatment. Several key radionuclides are discussed, including ²²³Ra, ⁹⁰Y, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ²¹²Pb, and ²²⁵Ac. It also introduces the current development trends of radiopharmaceuticals, including the introduction of novel radionuclides, improved imaging technologies, integrated diagnosis and treatment, and equipment and medication combination. We reviewed the advancements in the creation of new treatments, such as neutron capture therapy, proton and heavy ion therapy. We delve into the challenges and breakthroughs associated with the clinical translation of radiopharmaceuticals and offer suggestions for the research and development of novel radionuclide drugs.